东江流域蒸发皿蒸发量时空演变特征及其原因分析

利用东江流域1956~2000年15个气象台站的小型蒸发皿观测资料,分析了流域蒸发皿蒸发量的变化趋势及其可能原因。结果表明,东江流域年蒸发皿蒸发量整体的下降趋势非常显著,在1986年前后发生了非常明显的下降突变,下降速率达30.9 mm/10a,45年来下降了约139.0 mm;流域下降趋势存在明显的区域差异性和较大的空间异质性。东江蒸发量下降的原因主要是日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,抵消了气温上升所引起的蒸散量的上升,反而使蒸散量呈现为显著下降趋势;平均日较差的显著下降在蒸发皿蒸发量减少趋势中可能也起着重要作用。     

我国中东部地区地方水牛品种的遗传多样性分析

采用中心产区典型群随机抽样方法,检测了峡江水牛、海子水牛、西林水牛、恩施山地水牛、江汉水牛及一个对照群体尼里—拉菲水牛位点的遗传多态性并作分析,来探讨群体的遗传分化关系。研究表明:(1)五个群体及一个对照群体在11个微卫星座位中共检测到174个等位基因,其中有28个等位基因为品种所特有。(2)根据主成份分析结果聚类,先是江汉水牛与恩施水牛聚为一类,然后是与峡江水牛聚为一类,接着与海子水牛聚为一类,再后与西林水牛聚为一类,最后与尼里—拉菲水牛聚类。群体间亲缘关系的远近与其所处地理位置远近表现出了紧密相关。     

Differentiation in seed hoarding among three sympatric rodent species in a warm temperate forest

Although seed hoarding by rodents has been extensively studied, differentiation in seed‐hoarding behaviors among sympatric rodent species has not been well investigated. Using semi‐natural enclosures, we demonstrated that three sympatric rodent species showed clear differentiation in food selection, scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors and eating behaviors when offered seeds of four plant species from a warm temperate forest in northern China. The large field mouse Apodemus peninsulae preferred seeds of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis), whereas the Chinese white‐bellied rat Niviventor confucianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut and Liaodong oak, and the David's rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus preferred seeds of cultivated walnut, wild apricot and Liaodong oak. All three rodents showed larder hoarding of seeds from all four plant species, but the large field mouse showed scatter hoarding of wild apricot, and the David's rock squirrel showed scatter hoarding of Liaodong oak and wild walnut. Acorns of Liaodong oak, which have a soft seed hull, were more often eaten in situ, whereas wild walnuts, which have a hard seed hull and more tannin, were less hoarded by all rodent species. Differentiation in the scatter versus larder hoarding behaviors of sympatric rodent species suggests that sympatric rodents play different roles in the regeneration of different sympatric plant species.     

Adipocytes suppress differentiation of muscle cells in a co‐culture system

The development of adipose tissue in skeletal muscle is important for improving meat quality. However, it is still unclear how adipocytes grow in the proximity of muscle fibers. We hypothesized that adipocytes would suppress muscle cell growth so as to grow dominantly within muscle. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipocytes on the differentiation of muscle cells in a co‐culture system. The fusion index of C2C12 myoblasts co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than that of the control. The expression of myogenin and myosin heavy chain in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was significantly lower than in the control. Furthermore, the expression of Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 was higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 adipocytes than the control. These results suggest that 3T3‐L1 adipocytes suppress the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, 3T3‐L1 adipocytes induced the expression and secretion of IL‐6 in C2C12 muscle cells. The fusion index and myotube diameter were higher in C2C12 muscle cells co‐cultured with 3T3‐L1 cells in medium containing IL‐6‐neutralizing antibody than the control. Taken together, there is a possibility that adipocyte‐induced IL‐6 expression in muscle cells could be involved in the inhibition of muscle cell differentiation via autocrine.     

Functional efficacy analysis of Angelica gigas Nakai on chicken myoblast cells through cell‐based in vitro assay

The value‐added products in livestock industry is one of the key issues in order to maximize the revenue and to create a new business model. Numerous studies have suggested application of herbal plants as feed additives to increase health, productivity, and/or high‐quality product in livestock. In this study, the first experiment was designed to develop in vitro evaluation system by using primary chicken myoblast (pCM) cells isolated from pectoralis major of 10‐day‐old male embryos. Subsequently, to evaluate effects of Korean Danggui Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), we optimized the concentration of AGN root extract for treatment of primary pCM cells. After the treatment of AGN root extract, we compared proliferation and differentiation capacity, and also examined the gene expression. In the second experiment, the next generation sequencing analysis was performed to compare the different patterns of the global gene expression in pCM cells treated with AGN extract. Three up‐regulated (pancreas beta cells, fatty acid metabolism and glycolysis) and one down‐regulated (adipogenesis) gene sets were characterized suggesting that the AGN extract affected the metabolic pathways for the utilization of fat and glucose in chicken muscle cells. Furthermore, we validated the expression patterns of the up‐regulated genes (GCLC, PTPN6, ISL1, SLC25A13, TGFBI, and YWHAH) in the AGN‐treated pCM cells by quantitative RT‐PCR. These results demonstrated that the treatment of AGN extract decreased proliferation and differentiation of pCM cells, and affected the metabolic pathways of glucose and fatty acids. Moreover, AGN extract derived from byproducts such as stem and leaf also showed the reduced proliferation patterns on AGN‐treated pCM cells. Taken together, pCM cell‐based in vitro assay system could be primarily and efficiently applied for evaluating the biofunctional efficacy of various feed additive candidates.     

Effects of direct exposure to cold weather under grazing in winter on the physiological,immunological, and behavioral conditions of Japanese Black beef cattle in central Japan

This study aimed to reveal the effects of direct exposure to cold weather under grazing in winter (GW) on the health of Japanese Black beef cattle, as assessed using physiological, immunological, and behavioral parameters. Ten Japanese Black beef cattle (328 ± 45 kg, 7.6 ± 3.4 years of age) were used in this experiment. In winter, five of the 10 cattle grazed for 2 months in a 1.8 ha pasture (GW), and the remaining cattle were fed under confined conditions with tethering (control [CT]). The two groups were fed similar feed during the experiment, except for the grazing forage. Blood samples were collected approximately every 2 weeks. The numbers of neutrophils and monocytes and antioxidant enzyme activity were higher in the GW group than in the CT group (p < 0.05). The proportions of CD4‐single‐positive cells were lower in GW cattle than in CT cattle (p = 0.06). This study showed that direct exposure of beef cattle to cold weather under GW enhanced the levels of circulating neutrophils and monocytes and contributed to the kinetic homeostasis of lymphocytes but also activated antioxidant enzymes due to an increase in oxidative stress.     

哺乳动物性别决定相关基因研究进展

性别控制技术在畜牧生产中具有很强的应用性,其基础主要来源于性别决定。哺乳动物性别决定是一个复杂的过程,其主要以Sry基因为主效基因,同时,还受其他基因级联作用调控。主要性别决定的基因有Sf1基因、Wt1基因、Wnt4基因、Dax1基因等,对哺乳动物性别决定机制及其相关基因研究进展进行综述,以期为哺乳动物性别决定相关基因及分子机理研究提供参考。     

伪狂犬病病毒野毒株与gE基因缺失疫苗株TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR鉴别方法的建立

为实现对伪狂犬病病毒（pseudorabies virus,PRV）野毒株与gE基因缺失疫苗株的快速、敏感、特异的鉴别诊断,本试验针对PRV gD和gE基因设计了2套特异性引物和TaqMan探针,建立了PRV野毒株与gE基因缺失疫苗株的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR鉴别方法,对引物和探针浓度、退火温度等进行了优化,对方法进行敏感性、特异性、重复性试验,并进行临床样品检测。结果显示,建立的针对gD、gE基因的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法线性相关系数（R²）分别为0.996和0.980,均呈良好的线性关系;检测限分别为39.4和12.1拷贝/μL;与圆环病毒2型、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒均无交叉反应;重复性试验结果显示,针对gD基因的批内和批间变异系数分别为1.43%~1.86%、1.10%~2.07%,针对gE基因的批内和批间变异系数分别为0.98%~1.41%、1.12%~1.86%。应用建立的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR与普通PCR分别对11份临床疑似感染样品进行检测,阳性率分别为36.4%和27.3%。结果表明,该方法敏感性高、特异性强、重复性好,可作为伪狂犬病病毒野毒株与gE基因缺失疫苗株的早期鉴别诊断和定量检测的有效手段。     

Effect of miR-21 over-expression on proliferation,migration and diffe-rentiation of c-Kit+ cardiac stem cells

AIM: To explore the effect of microRNA (miR)-21 on proliferation, migration and differentiation abilities of c-Kit⁺ cardiac stem cells (CSCs). METHODS: c-Kit⁺ CSCs were cultured and selected by the methods of enzyme digestion and magnetic bead separation. miR-21 mimics (50 nmol/L) and mimics negative control (MNC) were transfected into c-Kit⁺ CSCs with Lipofectamine^® 2000. The cells was divided into 3 groups:control group:c-Kit⁺ CSCs without any pretreatment; MNC group:the cells were transfected with MNC for 48 h; mimics group:the cells were transfected with miR-21 mimics for 48 h. qPCR was used to assess the expression of miR-21 in each group. CCK-8 and EdU assays were used to determine the cell proliferation. qPCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the differentiation in each group. Scratch assay was adopted to explore the migration ability of the cells. RESULTS: The expression of c-Kit in the c-Kit⁺ CSCs were 90.8%, with 0.6% of CD45 and 0.5% of CD34. A significant increase in miR-21 expression was observed when the cells were transfected with miR-21 mimics for 48 h (P<0.05). CCK-8 and EdU assays showed that miR-21 significantly increased cell proliferation as compared with MNC group and control group (P<0.05). No difference in the expression of Nkx2.5, CD31 and α-SMA at mRNA and protein levels was observed, and no difference of the migration ability in 3 groups of the c-Kit⁺ CSCs was found. CONCLUSION: Over-expression of miR-21 significantly promotes the proliferation of c-Kit⁺ CSCs, without any effect on the cell migration and differentiation.     

菊花花芽分化期超微弱发光及生理代谢的变化

 研究了菊花花芽分化期超微弱发光（UWL）,呼吸速率和ATP、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明,菊花花芽分化起动期（II）与未分化期（I）相比,UWL强度增加119.3%,呼吸速率提高102.4%,ATP含量增加148.6%,可溶性糖增加95.5%,可溶性蛋白增加18.3%;在总苞鳞片分化期（III）、小花原基分化期（IV）和花冠形成期（V）,UWL强度、呼吸速率和ATP含量逐渐下降,可溶性糖在IV和V期下降幅度很大并接近对照水平,可溶性蛋白在II、III和IV期保持较高水平,在V期下降幅度较大,但仍比对照增加14.0%;而长日照处理的对照菊花UWL强度、呼吸速率以及ATP、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量基本保持较稳定水平。显示菊花花芽分化期叶片UWL水平与呼吸速率和能量代谢密切相关。